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Middleware-enforced Timed Causal Consistency for Apache Cassandra: An energy–performance–consistency evaluation against static consistency levels using YCSB

Hesam Nejati sharifaldin & Farnoush Nayebi Pour

Software Impacts2026https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simpa.2026.100817article
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What the paper says

We present a reproducible and open-source middleware-enforced consistency model — Strict Timed Causal Consistency (STCC) — designed as an external consistency layer for Cassandra, systematically compared against built-in static levels (ALL, QUORUM, ONE) in terms of energy, performance, and consistency trade-offs under YCSB workloads. Cassandra’s default consistency levels (e.g., ALL, QUORUM, ONE) are statically configured and unable to adapt to runtime variations in workload intensity or network conditions. To address this limitation, we introduce a fully functional middleware implementing Strict Timed Causal Consistency (STCC) — a hybrid model that combines client- and server-side causal guarantees with a configurable freshness bound Δ . STCC is non-intrusive and integrates seamlessly with unmodified Cassandra deployments, enabling adaptive consistency at runtime. The middleware integrates seamlessly with unmodified Cassandra instances, offering tunable freshness bounds ( Δ ) and causal guarantees across geo-replicated nodes without modifying the core database engine. The package includes automation tools for YCSB-based workload execution, CPU frequency control via cpupower , and energy monitoring using SNMP-enabled PDUs and dstat . This framework targets cloud engineers, distributed systems researchers, and middleware designers seeking to analyze or optimize consistency–latency–energy trade-offs under realistic deployment conditions. Our experiments validated on a 24-node Cassandra cluster distributed across three Cassandra’s data centers, the system is publicly released with full documentation to support reproducible and extensible experimentation. • Middleware enforcing Strict Timed Causal Consistency (STCC) for Cassandra • Benchmarking suite for consistency–energy–performance analysis • Runtime control of consistency levels and CPU frequency scaling • Real-time cluster power monitoring via SNMP-enabled PDUs • Reproducible framework for energy–latency–consistency studies in NoSQL

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https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simpa.2026.100817

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@article{hesam2026,
  title        = {{Middleware-enforced Timed Causal Consistency for Apache Cassandra: An energy–performance–consistency evaluation against static consistency levels using YCSB}},
  author       = {Hesam Nejati sharifaldin & Farnoush Nayebi Pour},
  journal      = {Software Impacts},
  year         = {2026},
  doi          = {https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simpa.2026.100817},
}

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Middleware-enforced Timed Causal Consistency for Apache Cassandra: An energy–performance–consistency evaluation against static consistency levels using YCSB

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Evidence weight

0.50

Balanced mode · F 0.40 / M 0.15 / V 0.05 / R 0.40

F · citation impact0.50 × 0.4 = 0.20
M · momentum0.50 × 0.15 = 0.07
V · venue signal0.50 × 0.05 = 0.03
R · text relevance †0.50 × 0.4 = 0.20

† Text relevance is estimated at 0.50 on the detail page — for your query’s actual relevance score, open this paper from a search result.