Tourists’ Pro-Environmental Behavioral Intention at Vietnamese National Parks: Merging Dual Constraint-Effects-Mitigation Model and Attachment Theory

Abstract

This study examines the mediating roles of constraint negotiation, defined as internal coping strategies to overcome barriers, and place attachment in the interplay between constraints, motivation, and tourists’ pro-environmental behavioral intentions in Vietnamese national parks. Utilizing a robust sample of 387 participants and employing bootstrapping analysis, this research reveals critical insights into the psychological and contextual factors influencing sustainable tourism behaviors. The findings indicate that constraints negatively impact negotiation and place attachment, while motivation positively affects these constructs. In this context, negotiation refers to adaptive actions such as adjusting travel plans, seeking alternative routes, or modifying expectations to maintain engagement with nature despite obstacles. This study highlights that effective negotiation, including adjusting travel plans, seeking alternative routes, modifying expectations, and deeper emotional ties to natural environments, is vital for overcoming constraints and fostering pro-environmental intentions among tourists. Notably, negotiation mediates the relationships between constraints and tourists' pro-environmental behavioral intentions and between motivation and pro-environmental intentions, illustrating the importance of coping strategies rather than interpersonal bargaining in promoting sustainable practices. Theoretical implications extend the constraints-effects-mitigation (CEM) model and attachment theory by showing how external barriers shape responses to environmental issues and demonstrating that emotional connections to places enhance commitment to environmental stewardship. From a managerial perspective, the findings emphasize the need for park management to prioritize identifying and mitigating constraints that hinder tourist engagement. Strategies such as improving access, offering educational programs about ecological significance, and facilitating meaningful interactions with nature can enhance visitors' emotional connections and motivation. Furthermore, fostering negotiation skills, such as helping visitors plan flexible itineraries or providing alternative activity options, can empower tourists to engage in conservation activities. In conclusion, this research provides a critical academic foundation and practical recommendations for park management aimed at promoting sustainable tourism practices. By developing strategies that enhance negotiation capabilities and place attachment, tourism stakeholders can cultivate a more responsible and environmentally conscious visitor demographic, contributing to the sustainability of Vietnam's natural heritage.