Valuing parking in the presence of minimum parking requirements and mobility management concepts—Evidence from Munich
Martin Schlett et al.
What the paper says
The minimum parking requirements for residential buildings in Munich, Germany, are set at one parking unit per apartment. This policy appears to contradict Munich’s policy targets of providing affordable housing and promoting sustainable modes of transportation as it fosters car dependency and inflates housing prices. The objective of this study is to measure residents’ demand for residential off-street parking based on stated preferences. Using a survey with 226 respondents in the Munich metropolitan region, we analyze residents’ willingness to pay (WTP) for a guaranteed private parking unit under different supply scenarios using the contingent valuation method. Beyond the status quo, the supply scenarios encompass a multimodal mobility management concept (e.g., sharing services and public transit subscriptions), additional amenities at the household location (e.g., essential shops within 500 m distance), and enhanced transit accessibility. We use a linear mixed-effects regression model and weighting to derive representative average WTP estimates. We further predict population shares of residents willing to pay at least €49.50 or €95.11 per month as minimum and realistic construction costs of a parking unit, respectively. Our analysis indicates that a mobility management concept reduces of the average WTP by €7.34. We provide evidence that the minimum parking requirements do not reflect the demand given a realistic supply, and that a multimodal mobility management concept can reduce demand by an additional 16.89%. Planners and decision makers can use these findings to adapt parking requirements according to demand and strategic planning goals. • Minimum parking requirements in Munich (1 space per dwelling) were quantitatively evaluated against actual residential demand. • Residents’ willingness to pay (WTP) for private parking was estimated using contingent valuation and a linear mixed-effects model (n = 226). • A multimodal mobility management concept reduces average WTP for parking by €7.34 per month. • 81.7% and 11.2% of residents are willing to cover minimum (€49.50) and full (€95.11) parking costs, respectively. • Results indicate that current parking requirements exceed demand and can be adjusted to support housing affordability and sustainable mobility.
Evidence weight
Balanced mode · F 0.40 / M 0.15 / V 0.05 / R 0.40
| F · citation impact | 0.50 × 0.4 = 0.20 |
| M · momentum | 0.50 × 0.15 = 0.07 |
| V · venue signal | 0.50 × 0.05 = 0.03 |
| R · text relevance † | 0.50 × 0.4 = 0.20 |
† Text relevance is estimated at 0.50 on the detail page — for your query’s actual relevance score, open this paper from a search result.