Estimating the shadow economy in enterprises: A new approach
Anna Czapkiewicz et al.
What the paper says
This article presents an innovative method for estimating the size of the shadow economy in microenterprises that combines the use of survey data and an econometric model specifically designed for this purpose. The main premise of the proposed approach is that expected gross income is calculated as revenue minus the costs of generating income. The analysis focuses on survey responses regarding the perceptions of satisfactory income and satisfactory revenue, and estimated costs. An econometric model (MUM) was constructed to capture respondents declarations and identify hidden components of income. The method was empirically tested using data from the Statistics Poland (GUS), focusing on microenterprises with 1 to 9 employees. The analysis covered six sectors based on the Polish Classification of Economic Activities (PKD). The results, which are consistent with official shadow economy estimates published by GUS, suggest that the proposed methodology can serve as a valuable tool for the early-stage analysis of the shadow economy in microenterprises.
2 citations
Evidence weight
Balanced mode · F 0.40 / M 0.15 / V 0.05 / R 0.40
| F · citation impact | 0.25 × 0.4 = 0.10 |
| M · momentum | 0.55 × 0.15 = 0.08 |
| V · venue signal | 0.50 × 0.05 = 0.03 |
| R · text relevance † | 0.50 × 0.4 = 0.20 |
† Text relevance is estimated at 0.50 on the detail page — for your query’s actual relevance score, open this paper from a search result.