arbiter
JournalsPricingAccount

For Which Countries Is Energy Security a Greater Problem? An Empirical Comparison of Energy-Exporting and Energy-Importing Countries Using Advanced Panel Data Analysis

Gökhan Kartal & Meral Yaşar Kartal

Economic Computation and Economic Cybernetics Studies and Research2026https://doi.org/10.24818/18423264/60.1.26.02article
ABDC C
Weight
0.50

What the paper says

This study explores the impact of energy security on economic growth by incorporating energy security risk into an expanded production function framework.Using data from 1980 to 2018 for 20 energy-exporting and 20 energy-importing countries, the research examines two hypotheses: (1) increased energy security risks negatively affect economic growth in both groups, and (2) this effect is more severe for energy-exporting countries.Long-term relationships are identified using advanced panel data techniques, including the Westerlund and Edgerton ( 2008) cointegration test with structural breaks, the Banerjee and Carrion-i-Silvestre ( 2017) CCE-based cointegration test, and the AMG and CCE estimators.The results reveal that energy security risk has a stronger negative impact on energy-exporting countries (-0.461,AMG; -0.381, CCE) compared to energy-importing countries AMG; CCE), confirming the hypotheses.Policy recommendations emphasise the importance of economic diversification for exporters, particularly by investing in technology and tourism, and strengthening energy infrastructure to mitigate supply shocks.For importers, securing long-term energy contracts, improving strategic reserves, and expanding renewable energy utilisation are vital.These measures are critical to achieving sustainable energy security and economic stability, especially as fossil fuel resources face depletion and global energy markets become increasingly volatile.

Open paper page →

Cite this paper

https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24818/18423264/60.1.26.02

Or copy a formatted citation

@article{gökhan2026,
  title        = {{For Which Countries Is Energy Security a Greater Problem? An Empirical Comparison of Energy-Exporting and Energy-Importing Countries Using Advanced Panel Data Analysis}},
  author       = {Gökhan Kartal & Meral Yaşar Kartal},
  journal      = {Economic Computation and Economic Cybernetics Studies and Research},
  year         = {2026},
  doi          = {https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24818/18423264/60.1.26.02},
}

Paste directly into BibTeX, Zotero, or your reference manager.

Flag this paper

For Which Countries Is Energy Security a Greater Problem? An Empirical Comparison of Energy-Exporting and Energy-Importing Countries Using Advanced Panel Data Analysis

Flags are reviewed by the Arbiter methodology team within 5 business days.

Evidence weight

0.50

Balanced mode · F 0.40 / M 0.15 / V 0.05 / R 0.40

F · citation impact0.50 × 0.4 = 0.20
M · momentum0.50 × 0.15 = 0.07
V · venue signal0.50 × 0.05 = 0.03
R · text relevance †0.50 × 0.4 = 0.20

† Text relevance is estimated at 0.50 on the detail page — for your query’s actual relevance score, open this paper from a search result.