The study uses factor analysis to extract the capital structure and representative indicators of new energy vehicle companies, and analyses the impact of their debt and equity structure on corporate performance. Through the changes in capital structure and performance evaluation of listed companies, it is concluded that their development potential and debt-paying ability are strong, but their profitability and operating ability are weak. The study conducted regression analysis on corporate equity and used performance scores to evaluate financial indicators. It demonstrated the effective reflection of the performance evaluation system on the company's capital structure and its correlation with corporate liabilities, operations, and other factors. In the regression analysis, the significance level of the capital structure factor on corporate performance was mainly 1%, indicating that the regression effect of the model was good. Overall, listed companies should concentrate their equity, reduce their asset-liability ratio, improve their performance and promote sustainable development.