An augmented fourier ARDL analysis of CO2 emission determinants in Spain: the role of growth, innovation, and trade
Irina Georgescu & Jani Kinnunen
What the paper says
This study employs the Fourier-augmented ARDL (FARDL) model to explore the determinants of CO 2 emissions in Spain over the period 1990–2023. Main variables include GDP per capita, renewable energy consumption (RENC), patent applications (PA), and trade openness (TO). The long-run results indicate that a 1% increase in GDP leads to a 0.35% rise in CO 2 emissions, while a 1% increase in RENC reduces emissions by 0.56%. PA contribute to a 0.17% increase in emissions, and TO increases emissions by 0.26%. The short-run analysis shows that a 1% rise in RENC reduces emissions by 0.40%, while PA reduces emissions by 0.16%. In contrast, TO increases emissions by 0.27%. The error correction term of − 0.836 confirms a rapid adjustment toward equilibrium. The findings emphasize the need for renewable energy investment, green innovation policies, and sustainable trade practices to support Spain’s carbon neutrality goals.
4 citations
Evidence weight
Balanced mode · F 0.40 / M 0.15 / V 0.05 / R 0.40
| F · citation impact | 0.37 × 0.4 = 0.15 |
| M · momentum | 0.60 × 0.15 = 0.09 |
| V · venue signal | 0.50 × 0.05 = 0.03 |
| R · text relevance † | 0.50 × 0.4 = 0.20 |
† Text relevance is estimated at 0.50 on the detail page — for your query’s actual relevance score, open this paper from a search result.