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Balancing Face-to-Face and Digital Communication: The Role of Relationship Maintenance in Dual-Earning Families

Tamara D. Afifi & America L. Edwards

Communication Research2026https://doi.org/10.1177/00936502251412924article
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0.50

Abstract

This study examines how face-to-face (FtF) and computer-mediated communication (CMC) contribute to relationship maintenance and resilience in dual-earning families, a largely overlooked area in family communication research. Guided by the theory of resilience and relational load (TRRL), we test how ongoing FtF and CMC maintenance behaviors predicted well-being across a week among 62 families (i.e., two parents and one adolescent). Using a week-long daily diary and physiological measures (cortisol and IL-6 assays), we assess perceived stress, mental health, and loneliness. Findings suggest that both FtF and CMC maintenance are associated with lower stress and better well-being, with FtF showing somewhat stronger associations on certain outcomes such as loneliness. Additionally, perceived gaps between desired and received maintenance predicted higher and more erratic stress and diminished mental health, underscoring the importance of meeting relational needs. These results highlight how families balance FtF and digital maintenance in everyday life and extend the TRRL by incorporating mixed-media contexts and perceived maintenance gaps.

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https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/00936502251412924

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@article{tamara2026,
  title        = {{Balancing Face-to-Face and Digital Communication: The Role of Relationship Maintenance in Dual-Earning Families}},
  author       = {Tamara D. Afifi & America L. Edwards},
  journal      = {Communication Research},
  year         = {2026},
  doi          = {https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/00936502251412924},
}

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Evidence weight

0.50

Balanced mode · F 0.40 / M 0.15 / V 0.05 / R 0.40

F · citation impact0.50 × 0.4 = 0.20
M · momentum0.50 × 0.15 = 0.07
V · venue signal0.50 × 0.05 = 0.03
R · text relevance †0.50 × 0.4 = 0.20

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