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The Economic Impact of Access to Public Four-Year Colleges

Jonathan Smith et al.

Journal of Human Resources2025https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.0324-13461r2article
AJG 3ABDC A*
Weight
0.44

Abstract

We estimate the economic impacts of students’ access to an entire sector of U.S. public higher education. Approximately half of Georgia high school graduates who enroll in college do so in the state’s public four-year sector, which requires minimum SAT scores for admission. Regression discontinuity estimates show enrollment in public four-year institutions boosts students’ estimated household income around age 30 by about 17 percent and has even larger impacts for those from low-income high schools. Access to this sector has little clear impact on financial health or student loan balances. For the marginal student, and particularly for those from low-income high schools, enrollment in such institutions has large private returns in the short run and positive returns to state budgets in the long run.

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https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.0324-13461r2

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@article{jonathan2025,
  title        = {{The Economic Impact of Access to Public Four-Year Colleges}},
  author       = {Jonathan Smith et al.},
  journal      = {Journal of Human Resources},
  year         = {2025},
  doi          = {https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.0324-13461r2},
}

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The Economic Impact of Access to Public Four-Year Colleges

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Evidence weight

0.44

Balanced mode · F 0.40 / M 0.15 / V 0.05 / R 0.40

F · citation impact0.32 × 0.4 = 0.13
M · momentum0.57 × 0.15 = 0.09
V · venue signal0.50 × 0.05 = 0.03
R · text relevance †0.50 × 0.4 = 0.20

† Text relevance is estimated at 0.50 on the detail page — for your query’s actual relevance score, open this paper from a search result.