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Reducing Manual Labeling Effort in Imbalanced Data Sets: Active Learning for Detecting Illicit Massage Business Reviews

Margaret Tobey et al.

Operations Research2026https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.2023.0625article
FT50UTD24AJG 4*ABDC A*
Weight
0.50

Abstract

Smarter Labeling to Detect Hidden Human Trafficking Risks Human trafficking investigators face the immense challenge of sifting through vast amounts of online data to uncover illicit activities. In their article, Reducing Manual Labeling Effort in Imbalanced Data Sets: Active Learning for Detecting Illicit Massage Business Reviews, Tobey, Mayorga, Bosisto, and Özaltın present a novel framework that uses reinforcement learning–based active learning to reduce the burden of manual data labeling, improving detection of illicit massage business reviews on Yelp. By strategically selecting the most informative reviews for expert annotation, the approach achieves strong performance despite limited and imbalanced data sets, easing the emotional and time costs of reviewing disturbing content. The study demonstrates that their method outperforms benchmark active learning strategies, remains effective even with large query batches, and generalizes across regions. Beyond combating human trafficking, the framework offers a scalable solution for other domains with scarce, sensitive, or costly-to-label data.

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https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.2023.0625

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@article{margaret2026,
  title        = {{Reducing Manual Labeling Effort in Imbalanced Data Sets: Active Learning for Detecting Illicit Massage Business Reviews}},
  author       = {Margaret Tobey et al.},
  journal      = {Operations Research},
  year         = {2026},
  doi          = {https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.2023.0625},
}

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Evidence weight

0.50

Balanced mode · F 0.40 / M 0.15 / V 0.05 / R 0.40

F · citation impact0.50 × 0.4 = 0.20
M · momentum0.50 × 0.15 = 0.07
V · venue signal0.50 × 0.05 = 0.03
R · text relevance †0.50 × 0.4 = 0.20

† Text relevance is estimated at 0.50 on the detail page — for your query’s actual relevance score, open this paper from a search result.