Leaving for more or settling for less: Gendered salary trajectories after leaving academia
Anne Maaike Mulders et al.
What the paper says
As the population of PhDs increases, a growing share of researchers find employment outside of academia after doctorate receipt. This attrition is higher among women. While prior studies find that doctoral recipients who work outside academia tend to earn more, some only find these wage premiums for men. Such findings are primarily based on scholars who leave academia immediately after the PhD where wage inequality is often examined over a limited timeframe. We extend on these studies by examining the gendered salary developments among PhDs who have started a career in academia over a period up to 17 years after obtaining doctorate. We use survey data from 4,576 individuals who obtained doctorate at universities in the Netherlands, linked to longitudinal Dutch register data on salaries, job characteristics, and family composition. We detail our findings by examining different push and pull factors (i.e. temporary employment, work hours, having a young child, disciplinary background) that explain why men and women’s salaries may develop differently following a transition out of academia. Our results show that leaving academia initially increases wages, but slows wage growth over time. We find that women experience stronger immediate wage gains, but slower wage growth after a transition out of academia than men. While leaving academia may offer short-term financial benefits, particularly to women working part-time or on temporary contracts, it may ultimately limit their salary progression by restricting opportunities for promotion. • This study examines gendered salary trajectories of PhDs in the Netherlands up to 17 years after doctorate receipt • Uses a unique linkage of detailed survey data and register data of 4,576 doctorate holders • Considers push and pull factors such as contract types, working hours, parenthood, and scientific fields • Leaving academia increases wages first but then reduces wage growth over time • Women gain more directly after exit yet their salaries after exit progress slower compared to men
Evidence weight
Balanced mode · F 0.40 / M 0.15 / V 0.05 / R 0.40
| F · citation impact | 0.50 × 0.4 = 0.20 |
| M · momentum | 0.50 × 0.15 = 0.07 |
| V · venue signal | 0.50 × 0.05 = 0.03 |
| R · text relevance † | 0.50 × 0.4 = 0.20 |
† Text relevance is estimated at 0.50 on the detail page — for your query’s actual relevance score, open this paper from a search result.