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When reporting isn't enough: the American police (in)action response to stalking behaviors against women

Lucas Enrique Espinoza et al.

Policing2026https://doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-07-2025-0129article
AJG 2
Weight
0.50

What the paper says

Purpose Stalking is a gendered crime that falls within intimate partner violence (IPV) that remains under-studied regarding police actions to shape survivors' experiences. This present study examines 10 distinct police responses as reported to 12 stalking behaviors among female survivors, including how these actions are associated with stalking frequency and the filing of criminal and stalking charges. Design/methodology/approach The data was collected from the 2016 and 2019 National Crime Victimization Survey Supplemental Victimization Survey (SVS), which included 485 female victims who reported stalking to the police; 452 of these women specified the frequency of the incidents, and 427 reported filing charges. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to assess the 10 police actions' impact on stalking behaviors, as well as their associations with filing criminal and stalking charges. Furthermore, multivariable linear regression was used to examine police actions on stalking frequency incidents. Findings Notably, 14.6% of female victims reported no police response, and referrals to victim services were rare. Arresting the perpetrator was most strongly associated with filing charges, suggesting the clearest pathway to formal outcomes. Although referrals were uncommon, they were associated with increased incidents and higher odds of filing charges. Practical implications Interpreted through institutional betrayal, inaction and inadequate responses may compound harm and erode trust; inconsistent definitions, mistrust, and limited training hinder effective intervention. Originality/value Findings highlight the importance of consistent, trauma-informed, and mandatory police training on stalking behaviors, risk assessment, and culturally responsive survivor support.

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https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-07-2025-0129

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@article{lucas2026,
  title        = {{When reporting isn't enough: the American police (in)action response to stalking behaviors against women}},
  author       = {Lucas Enrique Espinoza et al.},
  journal      = {Policing},
  year         = {2026},
  doi          = {https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-07-2025-0129},
}

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Evidence weight

0.50

Balanced mode · F 0.40 / M 0.15 / V 0.05 / R 0.40

F · citation impact0.50 × 0.4 = 0.20
M · momentum0.50 × 0.15 = 0.07
V · venue signal0.50 × 0.05 = 0.03
R · text relevance †0.50 × 0.4 = 0.20

† Text relevance is estimated at 0.50 on the detail page — for your query’s actual relevance score, open this paper from a search result.