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Digital Citizenship and Political Culture: How Digital Civic Engagement Shapes Political Orientations in Erbil, Iraq

Lashkr Aliakbar Hadaya

Journal of Public Affairs2026https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.70138article
AJG 1ABDC B
Weight
0.50

Abstract

This quantitative study examines the relationship between digital citizenship behaviors and political culture formation among 374 citizens in Erbil, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The research addresses a critical gap in understanding how digital transformation influences political culture orientations in postconflict societies. Using a cross‐sectional survey design with stratified random sampling, this study investigates how digital civic engagement, online political participation, e‐government interaction, and social media political discourse shape democratic, traditional, and hybrid political culture orientations. The theoretical framework integrates Mossberger et al.'s (2008) digital citizenship theory with Almond and Verba's (1963) political culture typology and Norris's (2001) democratic participation framework. Data collection employed a validated 85‐item questionnaire with Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficients ranging from 0.847 to 0.923 across all scales. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, multiple regression analysis, and factor analysis using SPSS 28.0. Results reveal that digital civic engagement ( β = 0.312, p < 0.001) and online political participation ( β = 0.287, p < 0.001) significantly predict democratic political culture orientations, while traditional media consumption ( β = 0.198, p < 0.01) associates with traditional political culture patterns. The model explains 68.4% of variance in political culture orientations ( R 2 = 0.684, F = 89.23, p < 0.001). Findings indicate that citizens with higher digital citizenship behaviors demonstrate stronger democratic orientations, increased political tolerance, and greater support for participatory governance. This research contributes novel insights into digital democracy development in the Middle East, particularly within Kurdistan Region's unique socio‐political context. The study's implications extend to policymakers, digital governance initiatives, and civic education programs aimed at fostering democratic political culture through digital engagement platforms.

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https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.70138

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@article{lashkr2026,
  title        = {{Digital Citizenship and Political Culture: How Digital Civic Engagement Shapes Political Orientations in Erbil, Iraq}},
  author       = {Lashkr Aliakbar Hadaya},
  journal      = {Journal of Public Affairs},
  year         = {2026},
  doi          = {https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.70138},
}

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F · citation impact0.50 × 0.4 = 0.20
M · momentum0.50 × 0.15 = 0.07
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R · text relevance †0.50 × 0.4 = 0.20

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