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Traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder examined with the Behavioral Dyscontrol Scale-II in post-9/11 veterans

David Rothman et al.

Military Psychology2026https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2026.2651486article
AJG 1
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0.50

What the paper says

Post 9/11-era veterans and service members are at high risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) exposures. However, symptom overlap between these conditions presents challenges in differential diagnosis and discriminating the relative contributions of each when co-occurring. Neurological soft signs (NSS) represent a potential diagnostic tool given demonstrated associations with PTSD, but to date there is limited research assessing a possible association with mTBI history. The current study sought to identify whether NSS can discriminate between PTSD, mTBI, and their co-occurrence via a neuropsychological test of complex motor functioning, the Behavioral Dyscontrol Scale-II (BDS-II). The study sample included 241 post-9/11 veterans. After adjusting for symptom and performance validity, study results indicated that NSS as measured by the BDS-II did not discriminate between the mTBI, PTSD, and co-occurring mTBI+PTSD groups. Additionally, in contrast to previous research, no association was observed between NSS and PTSD symptoms. Findings do not support NSS insofar as their utility in discrimination between mTBI and PTSD.

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https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2026.2651486

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@article{david2026,
  title        = {{Traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder examined with the Behavioral Dyscontrol Scale-II in post-9/11 veterans}},
  author       = {David Rothman et al.},
  journal      = {Military Psychology},
  year         = {2026},
  doi          = {https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2026.2651486},
}

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Evidence weight

0.50

Balanced mode · F 0.40 / M 0.15 / V 0.05 / R 0.40

F · citation impact0.50 × 0.4 = 0.20
M · momentum0.50 × 0.15 = 0.07
V · venue signal0.50 × 0.05 = 0.03
R · text relevance †0.50 × 0.4 = 0.20

† Text relevance is estimated at 0.50 on the detail page — for your query’s actual relevance score, open this paper from a search result.