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Protest without influence? A meso-level analysis of women's inclusion in civil resistance movements

Ingrid Vik Bakken & Johannes Vüllers

Conflict Management and Peace Science2026https://doi.org/10.1177/07388942251410860article
ABDC B
Weight
0.50

Abstract

While female participation in rebel groups is well studied, women's roles in nonviolent uprisings remain less understood. Using novel data on women's participation in 1135 dissenting organizations in Africa (1990-2015), we test hypotheses that organizational ideology (leftist, liberal, gender-equal) increases the likelihood of women's involvement. We find that the only ideology with a consistently positive effect on female participation—across organizational levels—is gender-inclusive ideology. The article expands civil resistance literature by showing that despite women's numeric and substantive contributions in movements, they often lack representation in formal organizations that lead and shape uprisings during mobilization and beyond.

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https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/07388942251410860

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@article{ingrid2026,
  title        = {{Protest without influence? A meso-level analysis of women's inclusion in civil resistance movements}},
  author       = {Ingrid Vik Bakken & Johannes Vüllers},
  journal      = {Conflict Management and Peace Science},
  year         = {2026},
  doi          = {https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/07388942251410860},
}

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Protest without influence? A meso-level analysis of women's inclusion in civil resistance movements

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Evidence weight

0.50

Balanced mode · F 0.40 / M 0.15 / V 0.05 / R 0.40

F · citation impact0.50 × 0.4 = 0.20
M · momentum0.50 × 0.15 = 0.07
V · venue signal0.50 × 0.05 = 0.03
R · text relevance †0.50 × 0.4 = 0.20

† Text relevance is estimated at 0.50 on the detail page — for your query’s actual relevance score, open this paper from a search result.