Park and Recreation Professionals’ Perceptions of Constraints to Equitable Youth Sports Participation: A Social-Ecological Approach

Abstract

Park and recreation agencies play a vital role in providing youth sports programs that foster physical activity, development, and community engagement. However, youth from racially and socioeconomically marginalized backgrounds often face multiple constraints limiting their participation. This qualitative study examined park and recreation professionals’ perceptions of these constraints using a Social- Ecological Model (SEM) framework. Focus groups were held with representatives from 12 public agencies that received funding through the National Recreation and Park Association’s (NRPA) 2021 Youth Sports and Play Grant. Participants identified participation constraints and discussed strategies to address them. Thematic analysis revealed five levels of constraints: intrapersonal, family and interpersonal, built and community environment, organizational, and policy. Most frequently mentioned were family and interpersonal challenges (e.g., cost, transportation, language barriers) and community environment issues (e.g., safety concerns, limited park access). Organizational and policy-level constraints, though discussed less, were seen as significant contributors to inequity especially when fragmentation, staffing shortages, or imbalanced decision-making affected resource allocation and access. These findings highlight the need for a systems-based approach to youth sports equity. The SEM for Equity in Youth Sports developed in this study provides a practical tool for identifying and addressing constraints across levels and can help park and recreation professionals strengthen internal practices and collaborate with stakeholders to create more inclusive and equitable programs.