Democratic Attitudes Among Members of Nonprofit Sports Clubs in Germany: Exploring the Role of Club Culture(s)

Michael Mutz et al.

Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Non-Profit Organizations2026https://doi.org/10.1017/s0957876526000045article
AJG 2ABDC B
Weight
0.50

What the paper says

Abstract This article examines democracy-related attitudes of German sports club members. It employs a framework derived from the neo-Tocquevillian theoretical works about democracy to argue that the depth of individual involvement in a club, in conjunction with the club’s political and democratic culture, is crucial for determining attitudes conveyed by members. A representative sample of the population ( N = 3,049) indicates that there is only a slight difference in the levels of political interest, political efficacy beliefs, cosmopolitan orientations, or satisfaction with democracy between sports club members and non-members. However, more nuanced models for sports club members indicate that active participation, as well as a club culture that encourages initiative, open political debate, and diversity, is predictive of pro-democratic attitudes. Based on these findings, we propose a perspective that no longer treats sports clubs as a homogeneous group, but acknowledges the existence of a range of club cultures.

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https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/s0957876526000045

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@article{michael2026,
  title        = {{Democratic Attitudes Among Members of Nonprofit Sports Clubs in Germany: Exploring the Role of Club Culture(s)}},
  author       = {Michael Mutz et al.},
  journal      = {Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Non-Profit Organizations},
  year         = {2026},
  doi          = {https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/s0957876526000045},
}

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Evidence weight

0.50

Balanced mode · F 0.40 / M 0.15 / V 0.05 / R 0.40

F · citation impact0.50 × 0.4 = 0.20
M · momentum0.50 × 0.15 = 0.07
V · venue signal0.50 × 0.05 = 0.03
R · text relevance †0.50 × 0.4 = 0.20

† Text relevance is estimated at 0.50 on the detail page — for your query’s actual relevance score, open this paper from a search result.