Water pollution presents a severe environmental challenge impacting ecosystems, public health, and water resources, particularly in arid areas like the Ha’il region of Saudi Arabia. This research employs factor analysis to identify and evaluate primary contributors to water pollution in Ha’il, aiming to support policymakers and environmental stakeholders in devising effective mitigation strategies. Data collection included surveys and secondary data, categorizing pollution sources such as agricultural practices, urban expansion, and industrial activities. Findings highlight significant pollution factors, including agricultural runoff, waste disposal practices, and urban development, each demanding targeted intervention to sustain and protect Ha’il’s water resources.