Current state of the art of BIM implementation in Africa – a systematic review

Abstract

Purpose Building information modelling (BIM) is increasingly recognised as a valuable asset in the global architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry. Given its growing importance, many researchers have contributed to the expanding body of literature on the topic. While some studies aim to synthesise existing research to generate new insights, this paper presents a systematic literature review (SLR) that examines the current state of BIM implementation in Africa. It also assesses the key challenges and drivers influencing BIM adoption across the continent. Design/methodology/approach This study adopted a SLR approach, guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses framework, and applied both bibliometric and content analysis methods to examine 73 selected papers. Findings The review indicates that BIM implementation remains very limited across the content, with only a few related pieces of knowledge being shared. West Africa emerges as the most active region, contributing 42% of the reviewed articles, and Nigeria leads with 19% of total publications. The study identifies 16 key challenges-such as lack of training, inadequate policies, and technological constraints-and 28 drivers, including government support, client demand, and awareness of BIM’s benefits. The results highlight a significant absence of national frameworks and policies necessary to accelerate BIM adoption. The study recommends targeted interventions, capacity building, and strategies tailored to the context to address barriers and utilise drivers, providing actionable insights for policymakers and industry leaders. Research limitations/implications This study is constrained by its reliance on only two databases: Scopus and Web of Science. Furthermore, the review included solely English-language publications and was restricted to studies published up to December 2023. Lastly, the analysis focused exclusively on journal articles, excluding other types of academic and industry literature. Practical implications The study highlights key implications across several areas. Future research should address gaps in Heritage BIM, mixed-method studies and national policy comparisons. Broader BIM adoption can enhance sustainability, reduce waste and improve infrastructure quality. Policymakers must establish national BIM frameworks, phased implementation plans, and supportive legislation. In education, integrating BIM into curricula and training programmes is essential to overcome skill gaps. For practice, firms should strengthen capacity-building efforts and leverage drivers such as client demand and government support to improve BIM implementation and reduce regional disparities. Originality/value This study is the first SLR to examine the current state of BIM implementation in Africa’s AEC industry. Its originality lies in filling a significant gap in the literature, as no previous research has conducted a comprehensive review of BIM adoption across the continent. By identifying key barriers and drivers, as well as the lack of national-level frameworks, the study provides valuable insights to support strategic, context-specific BIM adoption in Africa.