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A comparative perspective on loyalty- and multiple voting shares: regulatory competition in the EU, towards where?

B. Kemp & T. A. Keijzer

European Company Law2025https://doi.org/10.54648/eucl2025021article
ABDC C
Weight
0.50

What the paper says

In this article, we analyse the growing regulatory competition between EU Member States regarding loyalty and multiple voting shares (MVS). We compare recent legislative developments in seven jurisdictions and examine their approaches to voting ratios, allocation criteria, majority thresholds, agenda limitations, and sunset provisions. Finally, we argue that two distinct models have emerged — ex ante regulation and ex post judicial review — and reflect on the legal uncertainty and reputational risks each entails.

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Cite this paper

https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.54648/eucl2025021

Or copy a formatted citation

@article{b.2025,
  title        = {{A comparative perspective on loyalty- and multiple voting shares: regulatory competition in the EU, towards where?}},
  author       = {B. Kemp & T. A. Keijzer},
  journal      = {European Company Law},
  year         = {2025},
  doi          = {https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.54648/eucl2025021},
}

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A comparative perspective on loyalty- and multiple voting shares: regulatory competition in the EU, towards where?

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Evidence weight

0.50

Balanced mode · F 0.40 / M 0.15 / V 0.05 / R 0.40

F · citation impact0.50 × 0.4 = 0.20
M · momentum0.50 × 0.15 = 0.07
V · venue signal0.50 × 0.05 = 0.03
R · text relevance †0.50 × 0.4 = 0.20

† Text relevance is estimated at 0.50 on the detail page — for your query’s actual relevance score, open this paper from a search result.