Leadership Teams, Cultural Representation, and Performance in Professional Soccer

Brian M. Mills et al.

Journal of Sport Management2026https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2025-0073article
AJG 2ABDC A
Weight
0.50

Abstract

We estimate the effects of coach and player diversity, measured through cultural distance (CD) on team performance in professional soccer with a particular focus on teams of leaders (coaches). Our approach jointly tests the effects of player-to-player, coach-to-coach, and coach-to-player CD. Results reveal that increasing CD among players, even after controlling for human capital resources, has largely positive effects. There are positive benefits of increasing the diversity of coaching staffs; however, when staffs are too culturally distant, these positive effects attenuate. Most central to our inquiry, increased CD between coaches and players has a negative effect on performance. The combination of these results suggests that, as player diversity increases, coach diversity should also increase in ways to reduce CD across coaches and players. We propose that the negative effect of coach-to-player CD is due to more complex strategic planning and coordination tasks required of manager–employee interactions.

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https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2025-0073

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@article{brian2026,
  title        = {{Leadership Teams, Cultural Representation, and Performance in Professional Soccer}},
  author       = {Brian M. Mills et al.},
  journal      = {Journal of Sport Management},
  year         = {2026},
  doi          = {https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2025-0073},
}

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Evidence weight

0.50

Balanced mode · F 0.40 / M 0.15 / V 0.05 / R 0.40

F · citation impact0.50 × 0.4 = 0.20
M · momentum0.50 × 0.15 = 0.07
V · venue signal0.50 × 0.05 = 0.03
R · text relevance †0.50 × 0.4 = 0.20

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