The exact region and an inequality between Chatterjee’s and Spearman’s rank correlations

Abstract

The rank correlation ξ ( X , Y ) , recently established by Sourav Chatterjee and already popular in the statistics literature, takes values in [ 0 , 1 ] , where 0 characterises independence of X and Y , and 1 characterises perfect dependence of Y on X . Unlike concordance measures such as Spearman’s ρ , which capture the degree of positive or negative dependence, ξ quantifies the strength of functional dependence. In this paper, we study the attainable set of pairs ( ξ ( X , Y ) , ρ ( X , Y ) ) . The resulting ξ - ρ -region is a convex set whose boundary is characterised by a novel family of absolutely continuous, asymmetric copulas having a diagonal band structure. Moreover, we prove that ξ ( X , Y ) ≤ | ρ ( X , Y ) | whenever Y is stochastically increasing or decreasing in X , and we identify the maximal difference ρ ( X , Y ) − ξ ( X , Y ) as exactly 0 . 4 . Our proofs rely on a convex optimisation problem under various equality and inequality constraints, as well as on ordering properties for ξ and ρ . Our results contribute to a better understanding of Chatterjee’s rank correlation, which typically yields substantially smaller values than Spearman’s rho when quantifying positive dependencies. In particular, when interpreting the values of Chatterjee’s rank correlation on the scale of ρ , the quantity ξ appears to be more appropriate.