An integrated framework of remote work from organizational adoption to employee outcomes: A systematic literature review

Abstract

The adoption of remote work (RW) has surged dramatically since the COVID‐19 pandemic, prompting organizations to explore new work models, including fully remote and hybrid arrangements. Despite a growing body of research on RW, we know little about the conceptual and empirical connections between contextual factors driving its organizational adoption in both business‐as‐usual (BAU) and disruptive environments. Similarly, the relationship between RW's use by employees and the mechanisms by which RW influences employee outcomes has not been well studied. By incorporating an examination of the adoption stage alongside use and outcomes, researchers can develop a more nuanced understanding of RW that informs theory and practice. To this end, we propose an integrated evidence‐based RW framework grounded in the technology–organization–environment framework and job demands–resources model, based on a systematic review of 180 articles. Our findings suggest the following: (1) organizational characteristics, including technological capabilities, size, and industry type, significantly drive RW adoption in both BAU and disruptive environments; (2) crisis‐induced RW exacerbates pre‐existing demands while introducing novel stressors; these intensified and emergent demands consequently require leveraging existing resources and developing additional resources to mitigate adverse effects and promote positive employee outcomes; and (3) performance and well‐being outcomes have been focal in both pre‐ and during‐pandemic studies. This review highlights the profound impact of the pandemic on RW dynamics and offers practitioners actionable insights for navigating the evolving work landscape and future crises. A deeper understanding of the interplay between demands and resources will enable organizations to implement strategies that optimize resources, minimize demands, and ultimately enhance employee outcomes.